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William Henry Harrison Hart (October 30, 1857 – January 6, 1934) was an African American attorney and Professor of Criminal Law at Howard University for from 1887 to 1922. He won an important legal case, ''Hart v. State'', 100 MD 595 (1905).〔Welke, p. 383.〕 ==Biography== Hart was born in Eufaula, Alabama, on October 31, 1857. His father was Henry Clay Hart, a white slave trader born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1829. He was a descendant of Thomas Hart, an English jurist who embarked at Baddow, Essex county, England, in the ''Desire'', in 1635, landing at Ipswich, Massachusetts in 1639.〔Hart, ''Genealogy of Samuel Hartt of Lynn Mass. 1640-1903 and Eight Others and Their Descendants.'' (1903), p. 314.〕 He attended the American Missionary Association School in Eufaula from 1867 to 1874. In 1874, when conservative whites attempted to oust the Reconstruction Era state government, Hart campaigned in favor of Reconstruction. His life was threatened, and he fled Eufaula. He walked all the way to Washington, D.C.〔"Notes." ''Journal of Negro History.'' 19:2 (April 1934), p. 211.〕 Upon arriving in Washington, D.C., Hart enrolled in the college preparatory program at Howard University in 1876 and graduated with a Preparatory Department Certificate in 1880. He enrolled in the undergraduate program, and received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1885.〔 He entered the Howard University School of Law, and received his Bachelor of Laws (LLB) in 1887.〔Smith, ''Emancipation'', p. 47.〕 From Howard University he also received a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1889, and a Master of Laws (LLM) degree in 1891.〔Gates, Jr. and Higginbotham, ''African American National Biography, Volume 4.'' (2008), p. 103.〕 While a law student, he worked for Senator William M. Evarts as a private secretary.〔 In 1890, Hart was selected as the Dean of the Howard's Criminal Law Department and the Dean of the Agriculture Department in 1897.〔Gates, Jr. and Higginbotham, ''African American National Biography, Volume 4.'' (2008), p. 104.〕 In 1890, Hart joined the faculty of Howard University's law school with a starting salary of $1,500.〔 He taught there for the next 25 years.〔 He became a recognized authority on corporate law, criminal law, and torts.〔 Along with fellow law school professor William Henry Richards, Hart secured $10,000 from Congress to build the law school's first building.〔 Hart augmented his income by working for the United States Treasury, United States Department of Agriculture, and as the Assistant Librarian of Congress at the Library of Congress from 1893 to 1897.〔 Hart was the first black lawyer appointed as special U.S. District Attorney for the District of Columbia in 1889.〔〔 In 1904, in a groundbreaking case,〔 Hart challenged Maryland's Jim Crow laws. He was traveling in a whites-only section of a railroad car when a conductor ordered him to move into the blacks-only car as the train crossed the Maryland state line. Hart refused, and was arrested, charged, convicted of violating the "separate-car" law, and fined $5.〔〔Smith, ''Here Lies Jim Crow'', p. 65.〕 He appealed to The Maryland Court of Appeals, which held that Maryland's Jim Crow laws were an improper restriction on interstate commerce. So long as Hart was crossing state lines (rather than engaged in intrastate travel), the racial segregation laws could not apply.〔Alexander, p. 274.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「William Henry Harrison Hart」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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